Define Assurance Services. What Are The Two Distinct Types?

Applications require different types of data to store information. For case, the name is an array of characters, but age is better stored equally an integer. Nosotros can perform many operations (sum, boilerplate, chain, matching, etc.) if the data is stored in the right format and with correct types. That is why we have and then many data types in C so that we can differentiate and segregate data in the best possible mode.

Information Types in C with Examples

There are four Data types in C:

• Basic
• Derived
• Void
• Enumeration

Most of the time, for small programs, nosotros use the basic fundamental data types in C – int, char, float, and double.

For more complex and huge amounts of information, we use derived types – array, structure, union, and pointer.

Enumeration and void consist of enum and void, respectively. We will discuss these later in the commodity.

Enumeration and void consist of enum and void, respectively. We volition talk over these later in the article.

Basic Data T ypes

These are also termed as primary or fundamental data types. All the names mean the same affair. Suppose we accept to store student details similar name, id, group, avg_marks, interest_on_fees.

We can use basic data types to store each of these information:

char name[25]; int id; char grouping; float marks[5]; double interest;        

int Information Blazon

Integer types can be signed (with negative values) or unsigned values (only positive). Int values are always signed unless specifically mentioned.

Integer types are further classified every bit –

Data type	Range
int
signed int	−32,768 to 32,767
unsigned int	0 to 65,535
brusque int
signed short int	-ii,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (iv bytes)
unsigned short int	0 to 4,294,967,295 (four bytes)
long int
signed long int	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (four bytes)
unsigned long int	0 to 4,294,967,295 (4 bytes)

Some examples:

int number = 456; long prime number = 12230234029;        

How to print integer variables? Hither is a small program that you can effort and tweak to get different results and empathize the range of short, int, and long.

#include  int main(void) { curt int num1 = 10000; int number = 121113991; long prime number = 49929929991; long notprime = 2300909090909933322; long long sum = prime number + notprime; printf("num1 is %hard disk drive, number is %d, prime number is %ld, notprime is %ld, sum is %lld", num1, number, prime, notprime, sum); return 0; }        

We have used %hd for short, %d for int, then on for printing each data blazon.

Annotation that we have used 'long long' for sum, which is eight bytes, whereas long is iv bytes. Though in practical situations, nosotros may not use numbers that are this big, it is good to know the range and what data type we should utilise for programs with exponential calculations. We can utilize %u in place of %d for unsigned int simply even %d works. Let us say the value of long notprime = -2300909090909933322; has a minus, but nosotros print it as notprime is %lu, the correct value volition not be printed. This is why information technology is safe to use %ld, unless you want the values to exist always unsigned.

If nosotros add more digits to brusque int num1 = 10000, it will be out of range and will print wrong value. 'brusque int' tin exist used to limit the size of the integer data type.

Float

The floating signal data type allows the user to type decimal values. For example, average marks can exist 97.665. if we use int data type, it volition strip off the decimal office and print but 97. To impress the exact value, we need 'float' data type.

Float is 4 bytes, and we can print the value using %f.

The float tin contain int values too.

          float boilerplate = 97.665;  float marking = 67;  printf("average is %f", average);  printf(" mark is %f", marker);        

Still, you will get the result of the marking as 67.00000, which may not be a pleasant sight with a lot of redundant zeroes. If you endeavour to impress the value of mark as %d afterwards declaring it every bit float, you lot volition not get 67. Try to run this program and see what value y'all become.

Double

Y'all can call up of float, double and long double similar to brusque int, int, and long int. Double is 8 bytes, which means you tin can have more precision than bladder. This is useful in scientific programs that require precision. Float is just a single-precision data type; double is the double-precision data type. Long Double is treated the same equally double by well-nigh compilers; however, it was fabricated for quadruple data precision.

          double          average = 679999999.454;          float          score = 679999999.454; printf("average is %lf", average); printf(", score is %f", score);        

The outputs are –
the average is 679999999.454000, the score is 680000000.000000
Notation the difference in outputs – while double prints the verbal value, float value is rounded off to the nearest number.

char

char stores a single character. Char consists of a unmarried byte.

For example,

char group = 'B'; To print a proper name or a full cord, we demand to define char array.   char group = 'B'; char proper name[30] = "Student1"; printf("group is %c, name is %south", group, name);        

Notation that for a single character, we use single quotes, merely for Cord (character array), we utilise double-quotes. Since its an array, nosotros have to specify the length (30 in this example).

Just like the int information type, char can exist signed (range from -128 to +127) or unsigned (0 to 255). C stores the binary equivalent of the Unicode/ASCII value of any grapheme that we type. In our in a higher place example, the char group will exist stored as a value '066'.

Yous can call up of char also as an int value, as char takes int values likewise. The importance of signed and unsigned comes when you store an int between the specified range in a char.

Here is an case to help understand signed and unsigned chars better –

signed char char1 = -127; unsigned char char2 = -127; printf("char1 is %d, char2 is %d", char1, char2);        

Note that since nosotros are taking in int values, we volition print as %d and not %c. Since char1 is signed, the printf volition give value as -127. However, char2 is unsigned, which ways the range is from 0 to 255, -127 is out of range. So, it will print 129. Same way, if you assign char2 as -one, yous will get a value of 255.

Derived Data Types

Assortment, pointers, struct, and union are the derived information types in C.

Array

Same every bit any other language, Array in C stores multiple values of the same information blazon. That ways we can have an array of integers, chars, floats, doubles, etc

int numbers[] = ; double marks[seven]; float interest[5] = ;        

The array needs to be either initialized, or the size needs to be specified during the declaration.

To understand i-dimensional Array operations, let the states become through the following simple lawmaking –

#include  int main(void) {  // declare array with maximum 5 values  int marks[five];  // get the size of the array  int noOfSubjects = sizeof(marks)/sizeof(int);  // let us get the inputs from user  for(int i=0; i<noOfSubjects; i++)  {  printf("\nEnter marks ");   scanf("%d", &marks[i]); }  double average;  double sum = 0;  // fetch private array elements  for(int i=0; i<noOfSubjects; i++)    // let us print the average of marks  average = sum/noOfSubjects;  printf("\nAverage marks = %lf", average);  return 0; }        

Few points to annotation here:

• If we don't enter any value for marks, marks[i] volition have defaulted to zero.
• If the sum is an int, sum/noOfSubjects will round off the average to nearest value and impress only the value before decimal (even though boilerplate is of double data type). We can as well do type casting to avert this.
• Each chemical element in the assortment is filled by using marks[i], where I correspond to the corresponding element. Same way, to fetch the data, we again loop through the array using marks[i] to go private elements.
• sum += marks[i]; is aforementioned equally writing sum = sum + marks[i];

In C, arrays can be multi-dimensional. For simplicity, nosotros will restrict to a ii-dimensional array.

dataType arrayName [rows][columns];        

For example,

int matrix1[3][5] = {  , //first row with alphabetize 0  , // second row with alphabetize one  // third row with index 2  };        

The index starts with 0 for both rows and columns. For example –

matrix1[0][0] will be 1. matrix1[1][1] will exist 12. matrix1[two][2] will exist 23. matrix1[2][4] will be 25.        

If you have to access these values through a program, you will demand two loop counters, the outer ane for the rows, and the inner one for the columns.

Pointers

Pointers are considered by many to be circuitous in C, but that is non the case. Merely put, a arrow is just a variable that stores the address of another variable. A arrow can store the address of variables of any information types. This allows for dynamic retentiveness allotment in C. Pointers as well help in passing variables by reference.

The pointer is defined by using a '*'operator. For case –

int *ptr;        

This indicates ptr stores an address and non a value. To go the address of the variable, we use the dereference operator '&.' The size of a arrow is 2 bytes. Pointers cannot exist added, multiplied, or divided. Still, we tin can subtract them. This will assist united states know the number of elements present between the 2 subtracted pointers. Here is a simple program that illustrates pointer –

#include  int primary(void) {  int *ptr1;  int *ptr2;  int a = 5;  int b = 10;  /* address of a is assigned to ptr1*/  ptr1 = &a;  /* address of b is assigned to ptr2*/  ptr2 = &b;  /* display value of a and b using arrow variables */  printf("%d", *ptr1); //prints five  printf("\n%d", *ptr2); //prints x   //impress address of a and b  printf("\north%d", ptr1); // prints address like -599163656  printf("\n%d", ptr2); // prints accost similar -599163652  // pointer subtraction  int minus = ptr2 - ptr1;  printf("\n%d", minus); // prints the difference (in this case 1) return 0; }        

Structs

A struct is a composite construction that tin incorporate variables of unlike data types. For instance, all the pupil data that we declared earlier in bones data types can be put under ane structure. Instead of having the information scattered, when we give it a structure, information technology is easier to store information nigh more than students.

typedef struct{ char name[25]; int id; char grouping; bladder marks[5]; double interest; }Student;        

A structure tin be created outside the chief method every bit well every bit inside, just before creating the variable to use it.

struct student1, student[xx]; Structure members tin can exist accessed using the dot(.) operator. For example, printf("Educatee id is %d - ", student1.id);        

Elements in structure can be accessed using pointers too. There is no toString() method in C (like Coffee has), and then to print struct values, we need to fetch them individually and impress.

Here is a pocket-size program that shows the aforementioned (for simplicity, I take hard-coded the data, you lot can do a for loop and get the information from user also and store information technology the same as in an array).

int main(void) {   // Shop values in structures  Student st1 = {"student1", 1, 'a', , 4.v};  Student st2 = {"student2", two, 'b', , 9.5};   // Send structure values to the press method  print_student_details(&st1);  print_student_details(&st2);  return 0; } // get the address of structure data and print void print_student_details(Student *st) {  printf("\Student details for %s are:\n", st->name);   printf("id: %d\n",st->id);   printf("group %c\n", st->group);   // since marks is an array, loop through to get the data  for(int i=0;i<5;i++)  printf("marks %f\northward", st->marks[i]);  printf("involvement %lf", st->interest); }        

• Using the * operator, we are passing the value of student struct by reference, so that the correct values are retained.
• Instead of the dot operator, we are using '->' operator to fetch the values.

Structs are simple to use and combine data in a cracking way.

Spousal relationship

With a marriage, you lot can store different information types in the aforementioned memory location. The spousal relationship can take many members, but just one member tin take a value at once. Wedlock, is thus, a special kind of data blazon in C.

The union is defined in the same mode equally a structure but with the keyword wedlock.

spousal relationship Student{  char name[25];  int id;  char group;  float marks[5];  double interest;  }st1, st2;        

When nosotros assign values to matrimony data, union allocates enough memory to suit the largest data blazon defined. For example, since the proper noun takes the biggest space in the retentivity out of all the other information types, the wedlock volition allocate the space taken by proper name.

Let's say we assign and impress multiple values in the marriage at the same time.

st1.id = 1;  st1.group = 'a'; strcpy(st1.name, "student1"); printf( "ID : %d\n", st1.id); printf( "Group : %c\n", st1.group); printf( "Name : %s\n", st1.name);        

Unlike struct, this will fetch output every bit –

ID : 1685419123 Grouping : s Name : student1        

Simply the value of the member name is correct; other values have been corrupted. However, if we assign and impress the values one past one, we will get all the values correctly.

st1.id = 1;  printf( "ID : %d\n", st1.id); st1.group = 'a'; printf( "Group : %c\n", st1.grouping); strcpy(st1.name, "student1"); printf( "Name : %s\n", st1.proper name);        

At present, nosotros become the output as –

ID : ane Group : a Proper noun : student1        

Read this blog to know more differences between structures and unions.

Enumeration

Enumeration data types raise the readability of the code. If you take integer constants in the code that tin exist reused or clubbed together, we can use enums to define the constants. The almost common instance of this is the days of the week.

enum weekdays; enum weekend;        

Internally, C will shop MON as 0, TUE as one, and so on. We tin can assign values to the enum as well.

enum weekdays; If we print each of the enum values, the output will be – i, 2, six, 7, 8        

Enums are very useful and can be used as flags. They provide flexibility and efficiency in the lawmaking.

Void

The void is only an empty data type used equally a render type for functions. The absence of any other data type is void. When you lot declare a role every bit void, it doesn't have to return anything. For example –

          void          swapNumbers(int a, int b){ //multiple lines of code here }        

Aforementioned way, if a function does not have any parameters, that can be indicated with the void.

int getNumbers(void){ // some lawmaking }        

We tin declare a void arrow so that information technology can take a variable of any information type. A pointer declared as void becomes a general-purpose arrow –

char *ptr; int value; ptr = &value; //this volition give mistake because we cannot point a char pointer to an int value Nevertheless, void *ptr; will solve this problem and now we can write ptr = &value;        

without any compilation errors. Yous can assign any data type to the void arrow.

Determination

In this web log, nosotros accept discussed all the data types in C in particular i.e., basic, derived, enumeration, and void.  All the data types are useful in their own means and make C the robust linguistic communication it is. Check out C tutorials and best C books to further learn the language and clear your concepts. For a quick reference, utilise this diagram to recall all the data types in one go:

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Source: https://hackr.io/blog/data-types-in-c

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